[WCUSP] Gaza situation

Fri Jan 18 19:40:07 CST 2008

  Gaza situation 
  Political and security background 
  Child rights violations 
  Recommendations 

This second issue of the Child Rights Monitor refers
to the period of 1 August - 31 October, 2007. In
September, Israel declared the Gaza Strip a "hostile
entity" and announced further economic sanctions,
including reductions in the supply of fuel and
electricity, in order to pressure Palestinian armed
groups to halt rocket attacks. By labelling Gaza as
"hostile", Israel argues that it is no longer bound by
international humanitarian law to ensure adequate
utility supplies to the population of the territory it
occupies. However, these collective punitive measures,
as well as the continued closing or greatly reduced
functioning of all border crossings in and out of
Gaza, have resulted in further isolation of Gaza and
worsened the already disastrous humanitarian situation
faced by the population. Children, who make up 56% of
the population of Gaza, are cruelly affected by the
sanctions.

Gaza situation

Gaza has been under siege since an Israeli soldier was
captured by three Palestinian factions in June 2006,
and further punitive measures were taken after Hamas
took over control of Gaza in June 2007. Economic and
political sanctions have increased since mid-June, and
these together with the lack of funding and the lack
of coordination between Palestinian bodies have
resulted in critical shortages in food, key
pharmaceutical items, spare parts for essential
infrastructure, and materials for humanitarian
projects and industries. Most seriously, at the end of
October, Israel's defence minister approved cuts in
the supply of electricity and fuel to Gaza, as a form
of collective punishment on the Palestinian population
for the continued rocket attacks into Israel. UN OCHA
reported an immediate 47 per cent decrease in supplies
of regular diesel fuel, which will affect the
provision of essential services, namely hospitals and
ambulances, water treatment and sanitation, garbage
collection, and many other public services.  UN
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called these measures
“punitive” and “unacceptable” [UN].

Access
Rafah crossing, the principle crossing point for 1.5
million Gazans into Egypt, last opened on 9 June.
Gazans have been unable to leave for nearly five
months, except for a limited number of medical cases,
traders, and aid workers. Egyptian authorities report
that at least 1,000 Palestinians are stranded in
Egypt, waiting to cross back into Gaza. Karni
crossing, the main crossing for commercial goods, has
been closed since 13 June, with the amount of goods
entering Gaza decreasing by 71% since then.  [UN OCHA]

Health 
With many advanced medical treatments unavailable in
Gaza, critical medical cases are referred for care
either to Egypt, Israel, Jordan or further abroad.
With the tightening of the closure on Gaza, the
situation in Gaza has deteriorated further with
negative effects on the delivery of health services
and a reduction in patients to be referred abroad for
medical purposes. The number of patients refused entry
into Israel for “security reasons” has also been on
the rise, according to Physicians for Human
Rights-Israel. 

Child Health

- The percentage of children aged 0-3 attending UNRWA
health facilities for treatment of diarrhoea increased
by 25% in the summer of 2007 compared to the same
period a year before. [World Health Organization,
Health Sector Surveillance Indicators, Monitoring the
Health Sector in the OPT/September-October 2007]
Doctors point to poor quality drinking water as the
main cause. Currently, 210,000 people only have access
to drinking water for 1-2 hours a day. [UN OCHA]

- Over 73% of children aged 0-12 months who attended
UNRWA’s health centres between January and June 2007
suffer from anaemia - the number rises to 77% in
Rafah. [WHO] 
Between 1 July and 31 October 2007, PHR-Israel
received 178 appeals from Palestinians from Gaza whose
request for access to medical care had been rejected
by Israeli authorities. After PHR’s intervention, of
these 178 cases, only 62 were finally given permits
and allowed to leave Gaza, including a 16-year-old
girl with a congenital heart defect. [Interview with
PHR-Israel]

At least 10 Palestinian patients have died as a result
of not being able to reach healthcare facilities
outside Gaza. This includes an 8-year-old boy and an
18-month old infant who suffered from Down’s syndrome.
[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]     

Hospitals report daily electricity interruptions and
severe shortages in stationary and medical forms
needed for patient documentation. Shortages in
pharmaceutical supplies have also been reported. The
World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that
supplies of paediatric drugs (in particular
antibiotics and food supplements) have run out in
local Primary Health Care clinics, and that stocks of
chronic disease drugs are running low. In addition,
shipments of supplies with authorisations obtained by
WHO for Gaza were significantly delayed at Beitunya
checkpoint in Ramallah. [UN OCHA]
See a case study about Mohammed, a nine-year-old boy
who goes through Erez crossing regularly for medical
treatment.  

Education
In September, one third of children attending UNRWA
schools in Gaza began the school year without the
needed textbooks. Paper, printing plates and toner
faced delays in entering Gaza, resulting in a shortage
of 350,000 books. [UN OCHA].
Construction work stopped on two Palestinian
government schools in Rafah due to the general
shortage of construction materials in Gaza. To cope
with the resulting overcrowding in neighbouring
schools, the Rafah Educational Directorate established
an afternoon shift, forcing students to commute.
Similar issues are affecting the renovation of two
other schools in Rafah. [UN OCHA]

Political and security background

The schism between the West Bank and Gaza widened as
the Fatah government of Mahmoud Abbas entered
negotiations with Israel in preparation for the
Annapolis conference in November, and Hamas resorted
to increasingly violent means to suppress political
opposition in Gaza. Gaza has been labelled a “hostile
entity” by Israel, who subsequently increased the
sanctions imposed on the people of Gaza. Violent
internal Palestinian clashes broke out in Gaza City
towards the end of October, in the worst internal
fighting witnessed since June. Rocket-propelled
grenades and heavy machine-guns were reported to have
been used in the fighting. As a result, deaths
resulting from internal violence doubled in October;
there were 24 civilian deaths reported in October,
compared to 12 in August and 12 in September [UN
OCHA]; and for the first time in months, the number of
children killed in internal violence in October (4)
exceeds the number of children killed in the conflict
with Israel (2).

Between August-October, 121 Palestinian civilians were
reported killed and 441 injured in the conflict with
Israel, both in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; while 48
were reported killed and 411 injured in internal
violence [UN OCHA]. However, reports of injuries
sustained in the West Bank as a result of the conflict
with Israel (252) are higher than in Gaza (189).

Between August-October, the number of Palestinian
rocket attacks into or towards Israel slowly decreased
from 120 in August to 56 in October, thus marking a
significant step down from the 323 launched in May.
Palestinian mortars fired also decreased from 181 in
August to 129 in October. [UN OCHA].

Overall, during the reporting period, Palestinian
militants fired a total of 273 Qassam rockets and 396
mortar shells towards Israel. One rocket hit a power
line in Sderot, causing a blackout, and several
rockets landed in Sderot, hitting several buildings
and one house. No Israeli injuries were reported.  
[UN OCHA]
The Israeli air force conducted 38 air strikes on Gaza
during the reporting period (compared to 92 for the
period May-July). Repeated incursions by military
tanks and bulldozers into northern and eastern Gaza to
conduct levelling and excavation operations coupled
with air strikes resulted in 94 deaths and 189
injuries. [UN OCHA]

Child rights violations

The monitoring and reporting mechanism set up by
Security Council Resolution 1612 seeks to ensure
greater protection for children in armed conflict in
six areas:

Killing and maiming 
During the reporting period, 25 Palestinian children
were killed as a direct or indirect result of the
conflict in the oPt: 17 by the Israeli military, and 8
by Palestinian armed groups. Most of them (17) were
killed in Gaza, and most of them (22) were boys,
according to DCI/PS. June represented the highest
death toll this year, with a total of 20 children
killed.
Three of the 25 children killed were carrying arms,
but did not attempt to use them; 
Among the 25 killed, 7 children were 8 years old or
under. The youngest child killed was a 2 year-old
girl, from Khan Younis, killed by Palestinian
unexploded ordnance. 
 There were no reports of deaths or injuries of
Israeli children during this period.
Overall, there is a slow decrease in the number of
Palestinian children killed in direct conflict
compared to the previous reporting period (36 versus
25 deaths) (see table below); 
The vast majority of deaths continue to take place in
Gaza (92% of deaths for May-July; and 68% of deaths
for August-October).   
  May June July August September October 
Israeli military 9 10 2 10 5 2 
Palestinian groups 5 10 0 3 1 4 
Total 14 20 2 13 6 6 
Period total 36 25 

Between August and October, UN OCHA documented at
least 88 cases of children maimed or injured as a
result of the conflict. Of the 317 cases of child
injuries recorded by UN OCHA this year
(January-October), 69% were caused by the Israeli
army, 14% by Palestinian internal fighting, and 8.5%
by Israeli settlers.

In the period August-October, at least nine cases of
child injuries were attributable to settler attacks
(two in August, six in September and one in October).
In September alone, six children were physically
assaulted by Israeli settlers. Two children were hit
by settler cars and four were severely beaten by
Israeli settlers in Hebron. In October, a two-year old
girl was directly hit and run over by a settler car in
Hebron [UN OCHA].

Recruitment
Recruitment by Palestinian armed groups
As yet no systematic attempts at recruiting children
for military resistance activities have been
identified, and DCI/PS documentation shows that most
children arrested and detained by Israel for
resistance activities are self-motivated (whether they
attempt to throw Molotov cocktails at Israeli military
jeeps, carry a knife to attack an Israeli soldier,
make or carry bombs, etc). However, there are
occasional reports of recruitment of children by armed
groups.

Gaza-based NGOs have reported the following incidents
to the Israel/oPt Working Group on UN Security Council
Resolution 1612:
On 2 August, a 13-year-old boy was reportedly
recruited by Hamas to monitor the streets at night and
seek information on Palestinian collaborators;
On 30 August, a 16 year-old boy was apprehended by
Israeli soldiers while he was approaching a fenced
border near Beit Hanoun, Gaza, carrying a belt of
explosives around his waist. The boy’s parents claimed
that Al Qassam Brigades had recruited him;
On 9 September, Israeli soldiers searched a group of
four children at the Beit Iba checkpoint, near Nablus,
and found explosives in one of the boys’ schoolbag. He
was arrested and claimed that he and his friends had
been planning to use the explosives against Israeli
soldiers.
Recruitment by the Israeli security service (Shabak)
In a 20 October press release, Human Rights Watch
reported that Gaza patients seeking urgent medical
treatment in Israel were only allowed to cross Erez if
they submitted to harsh and lengthy interrogation
procedures by the Shabak. HRW reported: “A father who
recently accompanied his five-year-old son out of Gaza
to receive care for an injured eye told HRW how he
underwent questioning by Shabak at the border in a
concrete room with a floor of metal grating that
looked down onto an exposed basement. Interrogators
sat behind bulletproof glass.” In some cases, medical
cases were reportedly only allowed through the Erez
crossing if they provided information to Israeli
intelligence.

Abduction
 Local Gaza-based NGOs have reported the following
incidents to the 1612 Working Group:
On 22 August, Israeli soldiers abducted 8 fishermen, 5
of which were children (aged 14-17) in Rafah. They
were released after 15 hours; 
On 13 August, a 14-year-old girl tending her sheep
near Maghazi, Gaza, was attacked and abducted by
Israeli soldiers; they beat her and interrogated her
before releasing her without charge several hours
later.   
Attacks against schools and hospitals
An UNRWA preparatory girls school in Beit Hanoun, Gaza
was damaged by an Israeli air-to-surface rocket on 29
October, targeted at a Hamas member nearby [UN OCHA].
Ten days before, on 19 October, the UNRWA school in Al
Shouka was closed after being hit by stray bullets,
during an Israeli military operation east of Rafah.
[UN OCHA] The same school was attacked previously, on
3 August, by Israeli soldiers manning tanks. The
soldiers attacked the school’s compound, damaging
school facilities after breaking the main gate.
Soldiers also arrested two of the guards and used the
school as a detention facility. They rounded up 50
people, 15 of whom were held inside the school for
several hours before being taken elsewhere for
questioning. [UNRWA]

Two other incidents of Israeli soldiers detaining
either students or teachers after surrounding or
attacking schools were reported between August and
October 2007. On 26 September, after an alleged
stone-throwing incident, soldiers surrounded Al Khadr
Elementary School in Bethlehem for two hours, and
detained three children [UN OCHA]. In another incident
on 4 October, students were forced to leave their
school in Burqa, near Jenin, after Israeli soldiers
stormed it, fired teargas canisters and detained a
teacher and a school attendant. [UN OCHA]

There was an incident on 29 October wherein masked
Palestinians launched mortars at Israel from an UNRWA
school playground in Beit Hanoun. Students, teachers
and a guard had been evacuated earlier in the day
because of an Israeli military incursion nearby. [UN
OCHA].

There were three reported incidents of attacks or
damage caused by Palestinian factions. Unknown gunmen
threw two homemade bombs into the schoolyard of An
Nuseirat Elementary School in central Gaza, on 4
October. No injuries or damage were reported. [UN
OCHA] On 12 August, an UNRWA school window was broken
by a stray bullet during training for a Palestinian
faction in the former Slaw settlement. [UN OCHA] On 3
August, Islamic Jihad members fired a mortar shell at
Israeli soldiers, who had attacked and were occupying
Al Shouka’s UNRWA school. The mortar shell damaged
part of the school’s boundary wall and destroyed the
entrance gate. [UN OCHA]

Denial of humanitarian access/Freedom of movement
In October 2007, there were 561 manned and unmanned
obstacles in the West Bank (including checkpoints,
roadblocks, trenches and earth mounds). The average
number of random or 'flying' checkpoints was 70. [UN
OCHA]

>From August to October, 81 hours of curfew were
imposed on different parts of the West Bank. [UN OCHA]

At least 123 incidents of access denial or delay in
the West Bank were reported by humanitarian
organisations. There were another 86 incidents of
ambulances reporting delays of over 30 minutes at
Israeli checkpoints in the West Bank. Ambulances were
denied access at checkpoints 66 times. [UN OCHA]

Denial of access to schools 
There were six reported incidents where UNRWA schools
in the West Bank and Gaza were closed because of
Israeli military-imposed curfew and/or Israeli
military operations: 17 UNRWA schools were closed in
Nablus (on 18, 19, 20 September, and 16 October)
affecting 4,000 students, and at least five UNRWA
schools in Beit Hanoun were closed on 10 October and
evacuated on 29 October [UN OCHA].
Between 5-7 September, the Israeli military had
imposed an age restriction on Palestinians aged 16 to
35 (male and female) from Jenin, Nablus, Tulkarem and
Tubas preventing them from travelling southwards
through all checkpoints. [UN OCHA]  
Since 12 September, schoolchildren in the village of
Tel ‘Adasa in East Jerusalem have been denied access
to their school after Israeli soldiers blocked the one
passageway through the Wall into the town of Bir
Nabala, located a kilometre away, where their school
is situated. Since 24 September, the students have had
to rely on the Israeli human rights organisation
B’Tselem to coordinate their daily movement to and
from school through the Qalandiya checkpoint, which is
the only other way to access the school. There are
fears among parents and B’Tselem that the children
will be denied access back to their homes because the
residents of Tel ‘Adasa live in an East Jerusalem area
but do not have Jerusalem passes. They are not
recognised as Jerusalemites and so they are at
constant threat of deportation. [B'Tselem]  
At the beginning of October, unidentified, masked
Palestinian men either prevented many children from
attending UNRWA schools in the central Gaza area of
Deir al Balah, or forced the children to leave their
schools. All schools in Al Bureij Camp, half of the
schools in An Nuseirat Camp, and all but one school in
Al Maghazi Camp were affected, with reports of
widespread class disruptions and school closures over
two days. [UN OCHA] 
Additional indicators monitored by the Israel/oPt 1612
Working Group:

Arbitrary arrest and detention
Ages of children in cases closed by DCI/PS over the
reporting period

Age Group Number 
12 to 14 years 9 
15 to 16 years 23 
17 years 20 
TOTAL 52 

Palestinian children who are arrested by Israeli
military forces in the West Bank are transferred to
detention facilities administered by the Israeli
Prison Service or by the Israeli military. In the
period August-October 2007 there were 319-328
Palestinian children in Israeli detention at any given
time. There were 11-14 children in administrative
detention during this period, and by the end of
October 2007, there were two female Palestinian
children in custody awaiting trial.

Breakdown of cases closed by DCI/PS, by nature of
charge

Name of Charge Number 
Conspiracy to murder 12 
Stone throwing 10 
Throwing/possessing bombs 8 
Molotov cocktail (making or throwing) 7 
Membership in Palestinian political organisations 4 
Helping wanted persons 3 
Shooting (but not killing) 2 
Possession of weapon 2 
Attempted murder 2 
Other 2 
Total 52 

(children often receive multiple charges; only one
charge - the most serious charge - has been retained
here for statistical purposes)

Both girls, 16 years old, were arrested in separate
incidents for possession of a knife, and are awaiting
trial. Palestinian girls convicted of security
offences are held in Hasharon prison, in the Telmond
prison complex between Haifa and Tel Aviv. There, they
are held in a separate section of the prison, with
adult Palestinian female prisoners. Prison staff in
this section is of mixed gender. There is no
educational programme for female children, as there is
for male child Palestinian security offenders. When
punished, Palestinian female prisoners are transferred
to Ramle prison, near Tel Aviv, and held in solitary
confinement there, or they can also be held in
solitary confinement in a cell at Hasharon. In the
Hasharon cell, female child prisoners can be viewed by
adult Israeli criminal offenders (some of whom are
drug and sex offenders) through a large iron grate
that serves as a door to the cell. [DCI/PS]

Between August and October, DCI/PS received 65 new
cases of children before the Israeli Military Court
(including two administrative detention cases, and
including the case of a girl), and finalised 52 cases.
Torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
(for more information)

During the reporting period, DCI/PS lawyers conducted
32 visits to children in prisons and detention
centres, and took statements from many of them about
their experiences during their incarceration period. 

 All children reported that they were arrested in
early hours of morning (between 2-4am) at their family
home while asleep. One child reported that arresting
soldiers threw stones and sound bombs at the home in
order to force the family to open the door. Another
child reported that his mother was assaulted by
arresting soldiers because she objected to his arrest,
and as a result of the assault, fell to the ground.
All children reported being beaten and kicked when on
the ground during their arrest and transfer in a
military jeep to an interrogation centre. Many
children reported being sworn at, threatened with harm
to family members or with further beating, slapped on
the head or face during interrogation. One child
reported being held in solitary confinement for 15
days while awaiting interrogation; and another child
reported being placed in a cell with collaborators and
coerced into confessing.

Forced displacement
Forced displacement has been identified by UN and
other agencies as one of the most pressing issues
affecting children in the oPt.

Between August to October, 34 living units in the West
Bank and Gaza were destroyed. As a result, in total,
184 Palestinians were displaced (117 people in 18
living units in the West Bank, and 67 people in 16
living units in Gaza). Of those displaced, 96 were
children. [B’Tselem]

In addition to house demolitions, the UN has reported
entire communities that have been forced to relocate.
Five other communities in the Hebron and Bethlehem
areas are in immediate risk of displacement for
similar reasons. [UN OCHA]

Design by C. Seitz 
 The quarterly Child Rights Monitor produced by DCI/PS
and Save the Children UK provides up-to-date
information on the rights of Palestinian children
affected by armed conflict in the occupied Palestinian
territory (oPt), indicates trends, and makes
recommendations. Each issue includes a special
thematic focus. All information is drawn from UN
agencies and NGO sources used by the UN in its
reporting on the oPt. 

Quick facts 

Children make up 52.2% of the oPt population; there
are an estimated 2.1 million Palestinians under the
age of 18. [PCBS] 
By mid-2007, there were 4 million Palestinians in the
oPt. (2.5 million, or 63%, in the West Bank, and 1.5
million, about 37%, in Gaza. [PCBS] 
69% of children in Gaza and 27% of children in the
West Bank are refugees. [PCBS] 
More than 70% of children under a year old in Gaza and
50% in the West Bank are anaemic. [UNICEF]. 
In Gaza, 10% of children under the age of 5 are
stunted [UNICEF] 
About 195,000 students attend 193 UNRWA schools in
Gaza [UNRWA]. 
Over 2/3 of Gaza's UNRWA school students in grades 4-9
failed maths, and over 1/3 did poorly in Arabic. UNRWA
attributed this to “occupation, closures, poverty and
violence”. [UNRWA] 
Child rights graphs 

Distribution of child deaths according to age group,
from August to October

[DCI/PS, Note: numbers differ slightly between DCI
figures and UN documentation until UN sources and DCI
reconcile their indicators.]
Settler attacks during the reporting period

Children face increasing violence from Israeli
settlers to such a degree that in some areas the
Israeli military must be brought in to protect them.
In the villages of Tuba and Maghayir Al Abeed,
children need to be escorted by the Israeli military
to go to school in At Tuwani, south of Hebron, to
protect them from frequent attacks. Settler violence
is of particular concern in several areas in the
Jordan Valley and in the Hebron area. Between October
2006 and October 2007, there were at least 10 separate
attacks by Israeli settlers on Palestinian students
from Cordoba Elementary School in Hebron city, causing
injury to at least 18 students. [UN OCHA] 

Arrest case studies 

Mohanad, 17, Tulkarem
"I was arrested on 1 July 2007 at 2am at home. I was
handcuffed and blindfolded...." 
See DCI/PS Case Study

Mu’ad, 17, Kofeen Village
Mu’ad was interviewed by a DCI/PS lawyer at Salem
detention centre on 5 September 2007. He was arrested
at home on 22 August 2007 at 3am.
See DCI/PS case study

About UNSCR 1612 

UN Security Council Resolution 1612 on Children and
Armed Conflict, adopted in July 2005, established a
monitoring, reporting and compliance mechanism on six
grave child rights violations occurring in conflict
(killing or maiming; recruitment or use of children;
sexual abuse; abduction; attacks against schools or
hospitals; and denial of humanitarian access).

The Israel/oPt monitoring and reporting mechanism
(MRM) was established in April 2007, and reports on
the six violations above, as well as detention,
torture and forced displacement. The MRM includes UN
agencies and non-governmental organisations, and
reports every two months to a working group mandated
to make recommendations to the Security Council. These
recommendations can include the imposition, through
country-specific resolutions, of “targeted and
graduated measures.”

See the website of the Office of the UN Special
Representative for Children and Armed Conflict for
more information.

Recommendations 

Gaza recommendations

As Israel retains effective control of Gaza, it
remains an occupying power and as such, must accept
its responsibility for the welfare of Gaza’s civilian
population, and put an end to punitive measures that
deny essential goods and services to the civilian
population of Gaza. These measures constitute
collective punishment; 
As a matter of urgency Israel must ensure that
Gaza-based Palestinian patients in need of critical or
lifesaving medical care have immediate and unimpeded
access to healthcare facilities outside Gaza; 
Israeli authorities should undertake independent
investigations into allegations made by Israeli and
Palestinian NGOs, about the Israeli Security Service’s
coercive methods to obtain information from Gazans
seeking medical care in Israel, or Palestinian child
detainees; 
All parties must resume full coordination with
authorities in Gaza to facilitate the import of
essential items. 
 General recommendations
All parties should immediately revise their rules of
engagement to expressly forbid the entering of or
attacks on schools, or the use of schools for military
purposes, in line with international humanitarian and
human rights law principles; 
In any use of schools as detention and interrogation
facilities, senior officers or commanders issuing such
orders should be held individually accountable; 
Israeli authorities should undertake the independent
investigation and prosecution of settlers involved in
violent acts against children; 
All authorities should refrain from using any acts of
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment against children
during arrest, transfer, detention and interrogation
in accordance with international legal conventions; 
The security forces affiliated with the Palestinian
Authority, and the forces affiliated with Palestinian
political parties, commit themselves to a Code of
Conduct with respect to recruitment and use of
children in hostilities. 
Contact us 

Child Rights Monitor
Website: www.childrightsmonitor.org
Email: crm at list.childrightsmonitor.org

Defence for Children International - Palestine Section
(DCI/PS)
PO Box 55201, Jerusalem
Tel: +972 2 242 7537
Website: www.dci-pal.org
Contact person: Isabelle Guitard, isabelle at dci-pal.org

Save the Children UK
PO Box 18117, Jerusalem 91180
Tel: +972 2 583-8594
Website: www.savethechildren.org.uk
Contact person: Jennifer Moorehead,
jennifer_scpal at palnet.com

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