[WCUSP] Fw: [HumanRights] On the Israel/Zionist lobby in America

[Joyce McLean]

Sorry if this is a repeat.......
----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Mazin Qumsiyeh" <qumsi001 at hotmail.com>
To: <Mazin.qumsiyeh at lists.riseup.net>
Sent: Monday, August 21, 2006 3:48 PM
Subject: [HumanRights] On the Israel/Zionist lobby in America


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> On the Israel/Zionist lobby in America and its influence on US policy: Why
> focusing on this lobby maybe important strategically and tactically
>
> http://www.qumsiyeh.org/thelobby/
>
> Why did the British Empire and all colonial powers before it use "divide 
> and
> conquer" while the US government seems intent on unifying diverse groups
> from Iraqi resistance to Sunni Hamas to Shi'i Hizballah to Arab
> Nationalists? This administration talks and acts based on a supposed 
> common
> threat and in the process ofcourse unifying others and creating enemies.
> Perhaps the Zionist coined "Islamofascism" term should be a hint.  Perhaps
> those who think tribally can only think of others as equally tribal: if
> there is a Jewish nation and not simply a religion then there must also be
> an Islamic nation and not simply a religion. If "goyim/gentiles" are
> inherenltly anti Jewish then it would make sense to lump Castro, Chavez,
> Nasrallah and Ahmedinujad (and hence help them find common ground)! Or 
> does
> it?  Looking carefully at these questions sometimes generates discomfort 
> in
> both left and right circles.  A lifelong pacifict once stated that they 
> were
> put on this earth to comfort the afflicted and make the comfortable
> uncomfortable.  It is IMHO important to engage in open discussion 
> regardless
> of where one stands on these matters. The following four pages are not
> intended to be a comprehensive analysis but hopefully strings to begin 
> this
> needed discussion.  I would suggest actually that the Council for National
> Interest, ADC or other groups host a conference specifically to delve 
> deeper
> into the questions raised.
>
> Howard Friedman, President of AIPAC, titled his letter of July 30 2006 to
> friends and supporters of AIPAC "Look what you've done".  He explained:
> "Israel is fighting a pivotal war for its life...the expected chorus of
> international condemnation of Israel's actions. ..only ONE nation in the
> world came out and flatly declared: Let Israel finish the job.. That 
> nation
> is the United States of America--and the reason it had such a clear,
> unambiguous view of the situation is YOU and the rest of America
> Jewry....How do we do it? ... decades of long hard work which never ends."
> Ari Berman in The Nation stated that "The congressional reaction to
> Hezbollah's attack on Israel and Israel's retaliatory bombing of Lebanon
> provide the latest example of why AIPAC's lock on US foreign policy in the
> Middle East must be examined." (July 31, 2006
> http://www.alternet.org/story/39679 ).  So let us do a little research on
> this lobby and cite some resources.  Here we divide this into two 
> sections:
>
> a) Articles that describe the lobby and its influence (perhaps not "lock")
> on US foreign policy, and
>
> b) Examples of situations when other elite interests (oil, weapons
> manufacturers) collided with the Israel lobby and the latter won.  There 
> are
> of course other situations when the Israel lobby lost, especially early in
> its career (e.g. 1956 with Eisenhauer and the Suez crisis).
>
> First a relevant quote from Nehemia Stessler writing in Haaretz, May 12,
> 1989: "Israel’s dependence on the United States is far greater than
> suggested by the sum of $3 billion. Israel’s physical existence depends on
> the Americans in both military and political terms. Without the US, we 
> would
> not be equipped with the latest fighter planes and other advanced weapons.
> Without the American veto, we would have long since been expelled from 
> every
> international organization, not to speak of the UN, which would have 
> imposed
> sanctions on us that would have totally paralyzed Israel’s international
> trade, since we cannot exist without importing raw material"
>
> A)  ARTICLES ON THE LOBBY AND ITS INFLUENCE
>
> About the recent resolution in Congress to support Israel and condemn
> Hezbollah and Hamas (passed 410 to 8):  "They [the Congress] were given a
> resolution by AIPAC, They didn't prepare one." former Carter 
> Administration
> National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, who addressed the House
> Democratic Caucus on July 19, 2006.
>
> "The Bush Administration is bad enough in tolerating measures they would 
> not
> accept anywhere else but Israel, But the Congress, if anything, is urging
> the Administration on and criticizing them even at their most 
> accommodating.
> When it comes to the Israeli-Arab conflict, the terms of debate are so
> influenced by organized Jewish groups like AIPAC that to be critical of
> Israel is to deny oneself the ability to succeed in American politics."
> Henry Siegman, former head of the American Jewish Congress and a Middle 
> East
> expert at the Council on Foreign Relations.
>
> "In 2002, two Democrats in Congress with records of voting against 
> Israel's
> interests -- Reps. Earl Hilliard of Alabama and Cynthia McKinney of
> Georgia.. faced primary opponents who received substantial support from
> Jewish donors. A majority of AIPAC board members gave either to McKinney's
> challenger or Hilliard's or both. Hilliard and McKinney lost. Bill Banks,
> McKinney's campaign manger, charged that AIPAC had made her the "No. 1
> candidate to try to remove from office." AIPAC denied the accusation."
> Washington Post, "Pro-Israel Lobby Has Strong Voice: AIPAC Is Embroiled in
> Investigation of Pentagon Leaks" 9/5/04
>
> In 1997, Fortune magazine asked members of Congress and their staffs to 
> list
> the most powerful lobbies in Washington. AIPAC was ranked second behind 
> the
> American Association of Retired People, but ahead of the AFL-CIO and the
> National Rifle Association. A National Journal study in March 2005 reached 
> a
> similar conclusion, placing AIPAC in second place (tied with AARP).
>
> ‘My No. 1 priority in foreign policy is to protect Israel.’ Dick Armey,
> September 2002
>
> "There are a lot of guys at the working level up here on Capitol Hill who
> happen to be Jewish, who are willing . . . to look at certain issues in
> terms of their Jewishness . . . These are all guys who are in a position 
> to
> make the decisions in these areas for those senators . . . You can get an
> awful lot done just at the staff level." Morris Amitay, a former head of
> AIPAC.
>
> Think tanks that shape US policy are decidedly with the Lobby or even
> established as offshoots of the lobby: Washington Institute on Near East
> Affairs, the American Enterprise Institute, the Brookings Institution, the
> Center for Security Policy, the Foreign Policy Research Institute, the
> Heritage Foundation, the Hudson Institute, the Institute for Foreign 
> Policy
> Analysis, the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs. "The
> incestuous nature of the proliferating boards and think tanks, whose
> membership lists are more or less identical and totally interchangeable, 
> is
> frighteningly insidious. Several scholars at the American Enterprise
> Institute, including former Reagan UN ambassador and long-time supporter 
> of
> the Israeli right wing, Jeane Kirkpatrick, make their pro-Israel views 
> known
> vocally from the sidelines and occupy positions on other boards.
>
> Probably the most important organization, in terms of its influence on 
> Bush
> administration policy formulation, is the Jewish Institute for National
> Security Affairs (JINSA). Formed after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war,
> specifically to bring Israel's security concerns to the attention of U.S.
> policymakers and concentrating also on broad defense issues, the extremely
> hawkish, right-wing JINSA has always had a high-powered board able to 
> place
> its members inside conservative U.S. administrations. Cheney, Bolton, and
> Feith were members until they entered the Bush administration. Several 
> lower
> level JINSA functionaries are now working in the Defense Department. Perle
> is still a member, as are Kirkpatrick, former CIA director and leading
> Iraq-war hawk James Woolsey, and old-time rabid pro-Israel types like 
> Eugene
> Rostow and Michael Ledeen. Both JINSA and Gaffney's Center for Security
> Policy are heavily underwritten by Irving Moskowitz, a right-wing American
> Zionist, California business magnate (his money comes from bingo parlors),
> and JINSA board member, who has lavishly financed the establishment of
> several religious settlements in Arab East Jerusalem."
>
> Previous CIA analysts Kathleen and Bill Christison write on the Israeli
> lobby http://www.counterpunch.org/christison09062004.html
>
> Total Taxpayer Cost per Israeli: $23,240 (no other country comes even
> close). "Other recipients get their money in quarterly installments, but
> Israel receives its entire appropriation at the beginning of each fiscal
> year and can thus earn interest on it. Most recipients of aid given for
> military purposes are required to spend all of it in the US, but Israel is
> allowed to use roughly 25 per cent of its allocation to subsidize its own
> defence industry. It is the only recipient that does not have to account 
> for
> how the aid is spent, which makes it virtually impossible to prevent the
> money from being used for purposes the US opposes, such as building
> settlements on the West Bank. Moreover, the US has provided Israel with
> nearly $3 billion to develop weapons systems, and has given it access to
> such top-drawer weaponry as Blackhawk helicopters and F-16 jets. Finally,
> the US gives Israel access to intelligence it denies to its NATO allies 
> and
> has turned a blind eye to Israel’s acquisition of nuclear weapons."
>
> Mearsheimer and Walt, London Review of Books, 3/23/06 explain how the US
> policy in the Middle East is shaped by the lobby even against other elite
> interests http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/mear01_.html
>
> Philip Zelikow, member of the president’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory
> Board, the executive director of the 9/11 Commission, and a counsellor to
> Condoleezza Rice stated clearly at the University of Virginia in September
> 2002 that Iraq was not a threat to the US but the ‘unstated threat’ was a
> ‘threat against Israel’ adding that the government, "doesn’t want to lean
> too hard on it rhetorically, because it is not a popular sell."
>
> "Chomsky cites Stephen Zunes approvingly to the effect that 'there are far
> more powerful interests that have a stake in what happens in the Persian
> Gulf region than does AIPAC.' The practical implication of this statement 
> is
> that it is wrong for anti-imperialists activists to pay too much attention
> to the Israel lobby. It’s a waste of resources and a diversion from the 
> real
> target -- U.S. imperialism. The problem is that Zunes and Chomsky are 
> again
> confusing their own leftist framework with the right wing framework they
> oppose. It is wrong to focus on identity as such, including the
> national/ethnic identity of Jews/Israelis who are key figures in the
> imperialist machinery. It is wrong to see the world as fundamentally a 
> clash
> of tribal identities. But it is not wrong to strategically focus on the
> Israel Lobby. The “Israel Lobby” shouldn’t be an alternative framework 
> that
> competes with 'U.S. imperialism' as an explanation to world events. The
> Israel Lobby should rather be a shorthand designation for a segment of the
> elites that fully participates in making U.S. imperialism happen. To 
> insist
> on ignoring the Lobby is to help it maintain a 'safe zone' for U.S.
> imperialism to hide behind. This is indeed one of the many useful services
> the Lobby provides for the larger Washington power system. The Israel 
> Lobby
> is today a major purveyor of racist and pro-war propaganda, which is
> shielded from public criticism by its association with Israel and the 
> sword
> of fighting anti-Semitism. To ignore it is to create a safe zone for 
> racism
> and war at the heart of the U.S. public sphere." Gabriel Ash,
> http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Apr06/Ash20.htm
>
> “What happened to all those nice plans? Israel’s governments mobilized the
> collective power of US Jewry — which dominates Congress and the media to a
> large degree — against them. Faced by this vigorous opposition, all the
> presidents; great and small, football players and movie stars — folded, 
> one
> after another.” Israeli journalist and peace activist Uri Avnery
>
> B) EXAMPLES OF SKIRMISHES BETWEEN THE LOBBY AND OTHER ELITES IN WHICH THE
> FORMER WON
>
> - 1930's: Career British diplomats issued a government backed white paper
> suggesting tying Jewish immigration to Palestine to Palestinian economic
> interests, not just the Yishuv capacity.  Weissman and other British
> Zionists mobilized their forces en masse and the effort succeeded in
> reversing this policy quickly (well discussed in Tom Segev’s excellent 
> book
> on this period).
>
> -1940-1945: When there was strong sentiment in the US to help European 
> Jews
> fleeing Nazi Germany, the Zionist lobby both in Britain and the US lobbied
> to limit Jewish immigration to the west and keep the door open only for 
> one
> destination: Palestine (see Naeim Giladi’s book “Ben Gurion Scandals” and
> Lenni Brenner’s “51 Documents: History of the Nazi-Zionist collaboration).
>
> - 1948: When the State Department, the Pentagon, and all major career
> diplomats in the US stood against support for the establishment of Israel,
> President Truman explained his decision to his cabinet (privately) very
> clearly as relating to the lobby and voting adding that “I have no Arab
> constituency” (Truman papers and many history books).  The US went on to
> twist the arms of other countries to support partition and the imposing of 
> a
> Jewish state on Palestine.
>
> - June 1967: Israeli forces attacked the USS Liberty in international
> waters.  Naval demands of an investigation were immediately attacked by 
> the
> lobby in Congress.  Senior Navy officers (and all survivors of the attack)
> were angry, but could do nothing in the face of a concerted media 
> silencing
> campaign.   Even in 2003 when new evidence emerged, little was reported on
> it (see http://www.ussliberty.org/)
>
> - 1980's: Israel uses US technology and financing to develop its own arms
> export industry competing with US arms exporters but also giving advanced
> technologies to US competitors.  Many US arms industry leaders are 
> unhappy,
> and some even complain openly, and Israeli-made "Python II" missiles now 
> arm
> Chinese warplanes and in one instance threatened US planes. (see
> http://www.ifamericansknew.org/us_ints/p-krane.html).
>
> - May 1987: The Reagan administration notified Congress of its intention 
> to
> sell 1600 Maverick anti-tank missiles to Saudi Arabia.  According to the 
> NY
> Times: "Within half an hour, lobbyists from the American Israel Public
> Affairs Committee, the only group registered to lobby Congress on
> legislation affecting Israel, were on the telephone to lawmakers about the
> proposal. Over the next 13 days, the committee mobilized its nationwide
> network of supporters with a series of memorandums and telephone calls
> urging them to lobby Congress. Though it is unclear whether the committee,
> known as AIPAC, can take all the credit, more than 260 members of Congress
> co-sponsored resolutions to block the sale, prompting President Reagan to
> withdraw it." http://www.ifamericansknew.org/us_ints/pg-nyt2.html
>
> - Early 1991: Israel asked the US for $10 billion in loan guarantees to
> settle Russian Jews. George HW Bush told Shamir that Israel could have the
> guarantees if it freezes settlement building and promises that no Russian
> Jews would be settled in the occupied areas. Shamir simply called the 
> lobby
> leaders to help.  Mobilization was so swift and powerful that Bush 
> received
> a barrage of media questions in a Press conference in 1991.. Bush uttered
> his famous line “I am only this little guy in the white house …. there are
> these thousands on Capital Hill…” and then folded.  Israel got its $10
> billion and went on to increase the number of colonists/settlers in the
> occupied Palestinian areas from less than 200,000 in 1991 to over 450,000 
> in
> 2000. This was the main reason for the collapse of the peace process and
> increased resentment and anger in the world.
>
> - 1992-1998: President Clinton brought to high office people who were
> previously employed by the various Israeli lobby groups. Dennis Ross, who
> worked for WIMEP and was then appointed as US Envoy to the Middle East, 
> and
> then returned to work for WINEP (see
> http://www.activistsreader.com/articles%20folder/thinktankwatch-winep2.html).
>
> - Martin Indyk worked for AIPAC and to my knowledge is the only lobbyist 
> for
> a foreign country ever appointed ambassador to that same foreign country.
> These folks and many others made clear their interest in merging US policy
> and Israeli policy.  Thus it was not surprising that Clinton issued
> assurances saying that if the Camp David meetings failed no one will be
> faulted.  But even as negotiations continued in Taba, Ross, Clinton, and
> Indyk blamed Arafat.   The Clinton administration, under the influence of
> these lobbyists, continued to support an aggressive policy in Iraq and 
> tried
> valiantly to thwart the International community and many leaders of US
> businesses (including multinational companies) who pushed for ending the
> sanctions that were killing 6000 children every month.
>
> - September 2001, Bush urged Israel to show restraint in its crackdown on
> the Palestinians, and pressed Sharon to allow Shimon Peres to meet with
> Arafat (he also said publicly that he supported the creation of a
> Palestinian state). Sharon accused Bush of trying ‘to appease the Arabs at
> our expense’ and stated ‘we will not be Czechoslovakia’. Bush was 
> reportedly
> furious at being compared to Chamberlain, and the White House press
> secretary called Sharon’s remarks ‘unacceptable’. The Lobby kicked into 
> high
> gear.  89 Senators wrote a letter to Bush.  Bush backed down.  The New 
> York
> Times stated that the letter ‘stemmed’ from a meeting two weeks before
> between ‘leaders of the American Jewish community and key senators’ with 
> the
> involvement of AIPAC.
>
> - April 2002. Israel's push into the West Bank embarrases Bush and he 
> asked
> its government to halt the incursion and withdraw from Palestinian cities.
> He repeated this twice.  Even Condaleeza Rice (then National Security
> Adviser) emphasized "Withdraw now means withdraw now".  The Lobby swung 
> into
> action. Tom DeLay, Dick Armey, and Trent Lott told Bush to back off.  On
> April 11, White House press secretary said that Bush believed Sharon to be 
> a
> "man of peace".  No more was heard about withdrawals.
>
> - March 2005: In a snub to the White House, AIPAC managed to get a bill
> severely restricting aid to the Palestinians and even denying the usual
> clause for a presidential waiver for national security
> ttp://www.ifamericansknew.org/us_ints/p-nir.html
>
> - April 2005. After initially complaining about Israel's plans to increase
> settlement activities to surround Jerusalem (Maale Adumim area) in 
> violation
> of the US drafted "road map", the Bush administration backed down in the
> face of the lobby; 
> http://www.ifamericansknew.org/us_ints/p-softenbush.html
>
> Shattering the myths as important both tactically and strategically:
>
> There are many implications and ramifications of understanding the power 
> and
> influence of the the lobby.  What if Nehemia Stessler is correct as cited
> above that without US support Israel would not be able to continue its
> policies (which are now so clear in their impact on native Palestinians 
> and
> Lebanes)? What if indeed there are many instances (as cited above) that
> Zionist special interests win against other special interests (oil and
> military)? What if fortune Magazine and CIA and other analysts are correct
> about the power of this lobby in America? What if this lobby can be 
> defeated
> (as was shown in some cases)?  What if it can't? How does this relate to 
> the
> war on Iraq (pushed for by neocon Zionists)?  How does one resolve the 
> fact
> that Israel is now directly competing with US Weapons manufacturers in
> exporting high tech weapons even as most of this was made possible by US
> transfer of military technology and money to Israel?  How does one 
> reconcile
> the facts that Congress and the White House frequently interfere to 
> protect
> Israel from repercussions of its violations of US and international laws
> regarding proliferation, arms export, use of arms against civilians etc?
>
> There were rare times when the lobby was not as powerful in pushing the 
> myth
> of equivalency of US and Israeli interests.   In 1956 President Eisenhower
> listened to career diplomats and US elites, and pressed for Israeli
> withdrawal from the Gaza and Sinai despite rumblings from Congress (itself
> influenced by the lobby). But any such minor resistance vanished after 
> 1967
> when the lobby pushed the idea that US weapons in Israeli hands are 
> keeping
> the Soviets/Communism out of the Middle East (a lie because communism 
> could
> never get a hold in Arab society).  It is misleading to say that Israel
> rules US foreign policy.  But it would be even more misleading (and
> especially self-defeating for anti-war activists) to ignore the central 
> role
> of this lobby in shaping US foreign policy in the Middle East and in
> building support by various means.  Nor would it be fair to ignore the PR
> aimed at exaggerating the “strategic use” argument to outright
> misinformation about threats and responses to promoting a particular and
> false view of Christianity (“Christian Zionism”).  For those of us
> interested in freedom and equality (i.e. human rights), it is simply not
> correct to try to ignore history and facts and accept the language of our
> oppressor.  It is playing into both Zionist and Imperial hands by 
> accepting
> their claim that the reason for support of Israel (and for the war on 
> Iraq)
> is a “strategic relationship” directed to serving only US elite interests
> (oil, military, and other corporate interests).
>
> The hypocrisy in US foreign policy is now visible to most people around 
> the
> world and even here in the US with a self-censoring media it is hard to
> avoid it.  Take this simple fact that Israel has WMD, has violated 65 UN
> Security Council Resolutions and was shielded from 35 others by a US Veto
> (because of the strong lobby), discriminates against people based on
> religion and the US supports it.   Iraq violated very few UN SC 
> resolutions
> by invading Kuwait and the US bombed Iraq to a pre-industrial age
> (destroying water purification, sewage, electrical, transportation and 
> other
> critical facilities), subjected it to sanctions (even after the withdrawal
> from Kuwait) that killed over 1 million civilians, and then bombed and
> occupied Iraq intending to build 14 permanent military basis in Iraq and
> installing a new regime!! Is it any wonder that people ask why we have 
> such
> hypocrisy and question the given answers formulated in Tel Aviv.  After 
> all,
> Iraq will continue to be a magnet of resistance fighters pouring in from
> other Arab and Islamic countries as long as Israel is supported in its
> continued ethnic cleansing of Palestinians (i.e. As long as this hypocrisy
> is evident).
>
> Some argue whether the Lobby is the tail that wags the dog or the dog that
> wags the tail (ignoring teh possibility that there is a pack of wild dogs
> atacking John Q Public and the conflict may not be between the tail and 
> head
> of one dog!).  Some believe the attack on Iraq was for corporate profits.
> Some believe it was WMD, defeating terrorism, and most lately bringing
> “democracy” and freedom. Few want to consider third possibilities. Many 
> try
> desperately to ignore the big elephant in the room.   Many US TV and
> newspapers consider a discussion outside this permissible duality as taboo
> (and in a way it becomes self-fulfilling prophecies). People are now 
> getting
> facts about the Israeli lobby from international media, books, and most
> importantly the Internet.  This explains why an increasing number of
> Democrats, Republicans, Greens, and Independents in the US are asking some
> serious questions that go beyond these well protected dualities.  More
> people are realizing that without discussing the role of the Israeli lobby
> in pushing for endless wars, the story would be very incomplete at best 
> and
> misleading at worse.  This alone would be a good reason to tackle it.  But
> it is also from a utilaterian and pragmatic angle that we must discuss 
> this.
>  If we can't even explain the instability and mayhem beyond the vague "US
> Capitalism" or the preposterous "Islamofascism", then how can we develp
> strategies to bring peace?  Counteracting destructive policies cannot be
> done in isolation of understanding who shapes these policies and why.
> Pragmatically we can also learn nuances and differences between competing
> elitist powers so that we can use these divisions to effect positive 
> policy
> changes (this is unfortunately how politics work).  Pragmatically, we can
> also work to convince those who chose to be our enemies that they are 
> doomed
> to failure and self destruction by continuing their policies (something we
> cannot do if we only have a vague notion of who they are let alone what
> motivates them).  If someone is an alcoholic, isn't it best to directly
> confront them with their alcoholism rather than allow them to continue to
> perpetuate their own myths blaming others?  Isn't that called enabling?
>
> Many within the Israeli lobby, the military lobby, and the oil lobby 
> (among
> others) are beginning to see the light and leaving that destructive work
> (because ultimately it is short term gains and their children will pay
> dearly for their arrogance, greed and errors).  For example, thousands of
> ex-Zionists and hundreds of military and career diplomats are openly
> speaking about the destructive power of the Israeli lobby (not only
> destructive for Palestinians but for Americans and Israelis).  The ground 
> is
> shifting as Jews, Christians, Muslims, and others who believe in human
> rights and do not support political Zionism join hands not only to point 
> out
> the elephant in the room but also to take the old elephant out of the room
> and to an overdue retirement.  That political Zionism is failing is not in
> doubt (just like apartheid failed before it) .  What is in doubt is 
> whether
> enough US citizens will wake up in time and join us to prevent the US
> economy and the public welfare from being dragged down by and with this
> self-destructive ideology of political Zionism.
>
> Other resources:
>
> On why the war on Iraq
> http://www.qumsiyeh.org/connectingthedotsiraqpalestine/
> On think tanks, see
> http://www.sovereignty.org.uk/siteinfo/newsround/iraq4.html
> On Neocons (someone suggested we call them corporatists), see
> http://www.csmonitor.com/specials/neocon/index.html
> On elite interests collaborating and competing
> http://www.ifamericansknew.org/us_ints/
>
> Excellent books by conscientious Jews:
>
> "Out of the Ashes" by Marc Ellis
> "The myths of Zionism" by John Rose
> "51 Documents: History of the Nazi-Zionist Collaboration" and "Zionism in
> the age of dictators" by Lenni Brenner
> "Beyond Chutzpah" and "Image and Reality of the Israeli-Palestinian
> Conflict" by Norman Finkelstein
>
> _________________________________________________________________
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>


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